E-COMMERCE

E-COMMERCE

Perdagangan elektronik atau e-dagang (bahasa Inggris: Electronic commerce, juga e-commerce) adalah penyebaran, pembelian, penjualan, pemasaran barang dan jasa melalui sistem elektronik seperti internet atau televisi, www, atau jaringan komputer lainnya. E-dagang dapat melibatkan transfer dana elektronik, pertukaran data elektronik, sistem manajemen inventori otomatis, dan sistem pengumpulan data otomatis.
Industri teknologi informasi melihat kegiatan e-dagang ini sebagai aplikasi dan penerapan dari e-bisnis (e-business) yang berkaitan dengan transaksi komersial, seperti: transfer dana secara elektronik, SCM (supply chain management), e-pemasaran (e-marketing), atau pemasaran online (online marketing), pemrosesan transaksi online (online transaction processing), pertukaran data elektronik (electronic data interchange /EDI), dll.
E-dagang atau e-commerce merupakan bagian dari e-business, di mana cakupan e-business lebih luas, tidak hanya sekedar perniagaan tetapi mencakup juga pengkolaborasian mitra bisnis, pelayanan nasabah, lowongan pekerjaan dll. Selain teknologi jaringan www, e-dagang juga memerlukan teknologi basisdata atau pangkalan data (databases), e-surat atau surat elektronik (e-mail), dan bentuk teknologi non komputer yang lain seperti halnya sistem pengiriman barang, dan alat pembayaran untuk e-dagang ini.
E-dagang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1994 pada saat pertama kali banner-elektronik dipakai untuk tujuan promosi dan periklanan di suatu halaman-web (website). Menurut Riset Forrester, perdagangan elektronik menghasilkan penjualan seharga AS$12,2 milyar pada 2003. Menurut laporan yang lain pada bulan oktober 2006 yang lalu, pendapatan ritel online yang bersifat non-travel di Amerika Serikat diramalkan akan mencapai seperempat trilyun dolar US pada tahun 2011.

Sejarah perkembangan

Istilah "perdagangan elektronik" telah berubah sejalan dengan waktu. Awalnya, perdagangan elektronik berarti pemanfaatan transaksi komersial, seperti penggunaan EDI untuk mengirim dokumen komersial seperti pesanan pembelian atau invoice secara elektronik.

Kemudian dia berkembang menjadi suatu aktivitas yang mempunya istilah yang lebih tepat "perdagangan web" — pembelian barang dan jasa melalui World Wide Web melalui server aman (HTTPS), protokol server khusus yang menggunakan enkripsi untuk merahasiakan data penting pelanggan.

Pada awalnya ketika web mulai terkenal di masyarakat pada 1994, banyak jurnalis memperkirakan bahwa e-commerce akan menjadi sebuah sektor ekonomi baru. Namun, baru sekitar empat tahun kemudian protokol aman seperti HTTPS memasuki tahap matang dan banyak digunakan. Antara 1998 dan 2000 banyak bisnis di AS dan Eropa mengembangkan situs web perdagangan ini.

Faktor kunci sukses dalam e-commerce

Dalam banyak kasus, sebuah perusahaan e-commerce bisa bertahan tidak hanya mengandalkan kekuatan produk saja, tapi dengan adanya tim manajemen yang handal, pengiriman yang tepat waktu, pelayanan yang bagus, struktur organisasi bisnis yang baik, jaringan infrastruktur dan keamanan, desain situs web yang bagus, beberapa faktor yang termasuk:

1. Menyediakan harga kompetitif
2. Menyediakan jasa pembelian yang tanggap, cepat, dan ramah.
3. Menyediakan informasi barang dan jasa yang lengkap dan jelas.
4. Menyediakan banyak bonus seperti kupon, penawaran istimewa, dan diskon.
5. Memberikan perhatian khusus seperti usulan pembelian.
6. Menyediakan rasa komunitas untuk berdiskusi, masukan dari pelanggan, dan lain-lain.
7. Mempermudah kegiatan perdagangan

Masalah e-commerce

1. Penipuan dengan cara pencurian identitas dan membohongi pelanggan.
2. Hukum yang kurang berkembang dalam bidang e-commerce ini.

Aplikasi bisnis

Beberapa aplikasi umum yang berhubungan dengan e-commerce adalah:

• E-mail dan Messaging
• Content Management Systems
• Dokumen, spreadsheet, database
• Akunting dan sistem keuangan
• Informasi pengiriman dan pemesanan
• Pelaporan informasi dari klien dan enterprise
• Sistem pembayaran domestik dan internasional
• Newsgroup
• On-line Shopping
• Conferencing
• Online Banking/internet Banking
• Product Digital/Non Digital

Perusahaan terkenal

Perusahaan yang terkenal dalam bidang ini antara lain: eBay, Amazon.com, dan PayPal.

Kecocokan barang

Ada beberapa barang yang cocok dijual secara elektronik seperti barang elektronik kecil, musik, piranti lunak, fotografi, dll. Barang yang tidak cocok seperti barang yang memiliki rasio harga dan berat yang rendah, barang-barang yang perlu dibaui, dipegang, dicicip, dan lain-lain.

Sumber        : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_elektronik

Jum’at, 22 Juni 2012 pukul : 19.43

Westernization

Westernization

What do you think about the young generation? Do you ever realize that westernization already caused a big change in our nation? If you never think about that, maybe I as one of them can tell you something that what westernization has influenced our nation. But I’m not going to explain the whole points about that.

So I will start from social life of teenager. In my opinion, clubbing and free sex are the worst problem, that already contained in several teenager’s life. Some of them are still junior high school, senior high school, or maybe elementary school. Can you imagine how bad it is? Lots of experts already explain why these problems could happen. But even there are a millions of explanations without any practical in the reality; those opinions are not more than theory. So, where these problems came from? In my opinion westernization is the answer, but of course I have some reasons about my statement.

And these are my reasons.

First about clubbing, and if we are going to talk about clubbing it means we have to talk about music. Clubbing is always using kind of electro music, that’s why there’s a DJ or Disc Jockey. When the DJ plays the electro music, all the audiences start to dance with their own style. And it means they are making their party. In this case I’m not going to tell you that electro music is bad, what I want to tell you is the clubbing. In my opinion, clubbing is very dangerous for teenagers or youth. Because their ages are still not stable yet, clubbing could give a very bad influenced. Such a diseases what I think, it will trap everybody with a bad lifestyle. If you can’t hold yourselves from clubbing, you will get into drugs, alcoholic, and lead to the second point free sex. But when you want to help them, you will get shocking response. Because they will tell you that clubbing is just an ordinary thing in this era. And it is not our right to forced them with what we want, it’s their own will. So can you see how bad that clubbing is?

Ok, now I’m going to tell you the most dangerous that can happened in every teenager’s life, and that is free sex. You can access free sex with internet, and now lots of teenagers are understand how to access them. Well in my opinion this is need lots of teamwork. What I mean is, we have to make balance between the parents and the teenagers. Parents who let their children play internet, or giving them a chance to have their own laptop must make a limitation, an advice to their children that free sex is not good. And also need trust each other, if that could happen you don’t have to worry about free sex. Actually teenage is the most fragile moment in every human’s life, but it’s also the most important moment in human’s life.

Now with my opinion I have my own conclusion, westernization is not always a bad influenced. But it is going to be a very dangerous enemy if you can’t choose what good or bad from westernization. Balance is what we have to keep it up in our life; we just can’t reject all that westernization. But also we just can’t accept what westernization will influence our nation. Indonesia is a nation with a full culture, but this nation have to extra secure for one import culture and that is westernization.

CONJUNCTION

Conjunctions adalah kata-kata penghubung atau sekumpulan dari kata-kata dan menunjukkan bahwa kata-kata menjadi terhubung.
Ada 3 Jenis Conjunctions : Coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunctions, dan sub-ordinating conjunctions.

1. Coordinating conjunctions
Kata-kata yang sederajat. Ada 7 Coordinating conjunctions:
Untuk memudahkan anda menghafal ke tujuh coordinating conjunctions, anda bisa gunakan Mnemonics/Terkumpul dalam kata FANBOYS
For  And Nor But Or Yet So

For = sebab/karena, And = dan, Nor = tetapi, But = tetapi, Or = atau, Yet = namun, So = jadi

2. Correlative conjunctions juga menghubungkan kata, tapi ada pasangannya. Beberapa correlative conjunctions:
both…and (tidak hanya…..tapi juga)
either….or (jika tidak….pasti/salah satu…)
not only….but also (tidak hanya…..tapi juga…..)
neither….nor (tidak juga…..atau…..)

3. Sub-ordinating conjunctions
Kata penghubung untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dan anak kalimat.

contoh :
although (meskipun/walaupun)
as  (karena/sebab)
as if (seakan-akan)
because (karena)
also (juga)
when (ketika)
as soon as
so that (jadi)
until (sampai)
even though (meskipun)
in order that (supaya)

Exercise

1.      You will succeed if you work harder.

2.      We arrived after they left.

3.      I waited till he returned from office.

4.      Bread and milk is wholesome food.

5.      You will not get the prize unless you deserve it.

6.      Do not go before I return from the market.

7.      I can’t lend you any money, for I have none.

8.      Since you have apologized we will not take any further actions against you.

9.      The thief fled lest he should be caught.

10.  I will be upset if you don’t accept my invitation.

Answers

1.      If – subordinating conjunction

2.      After – subordinating conjunction

3.      Till – subordinating conjunction

4.      And – coordinating conjunction

5.      Unless – subordinating conjunction

6.      Before – subordinating conjunction

7.      For – coordinating conjunction

8.      Since – subordinating conjunction

9.      Lest – subordinating conjunction

10.  If – subordinating conjunction

Sumber   :

·         http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/conjunctions-exercise-2/

·         http://belajargrammar.net/search/adverb-adalah

NOUN CLAUSE

Noun Clause adalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda
Rumus :
Subject + Predicate + ..... (Object)

Yang dapat dijadikan kata penghubung (conjunction) adalah
semua question word , if atau whether.

I want to know WHERE THEY COME FROM.
Ask someone WHAT TIME IT IS.
Do you know WHY THEY HAVEN’T ARRIVED YET?
Can you tell me WHETHER (IF) THEY WILL COME?
I know WHETHER (IF) THEY STUDIED IN A GROUP.

Cara membuat Noun Clause adalah dengan merobah kalimat pertanyaan menjadi kalimat pertanyaan.
Question Word Questions dari kalimat pertanyaan, dijadikan conjunction.
Pada Yes – no Question menggunakan whether atau if.

Where do they com from ? --> Where they come from
What time is it ? --> What time it is
Why haven’t they arrived yet ? --> Why they haven’t arrived yet?
Will they come ? --> Whether (if) they will come?
Did they study in a group? --> Whether (If) they studied in a group

Exercise

1.             The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.

2.             He said that he would not go.

3.             That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.

4.             He said that he was not feeling well.

5.             I cannot rely on what he says.

6.             I don’t know where he has gone.

7.             He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.

8.             The news that he is alive has been confirmed.

9.             The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.

10.         It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.

Answers

1.              Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered.

2.              Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said.

3.              Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.

4.              Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.. 

5.              Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.

6.              Here the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.

7.              Here the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of the verb asked.

8.              Here the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.

9.              Here the noun clause ‘that the soul is immortal’ is in apposition to the noun belief.

10.          Here the noun clause ‘that we will have to admit defeat’ is in apposition to the pronoun

Sumber   :

·         http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/

·         http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/noun-clause-exercise/

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverb Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yaknimenerangkan kata kerja.Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction(kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction(kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.Contoh:Shut the door before you go out.You may begin when(ever) you are ready.While he was walking home, he saw an accident.By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctionseperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.Contoh:They sat down wherever they could find empty seatsThe guard stood where he was positioned.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yangsaling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as thetime, dll. Contoh:As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard. Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.Although it is late, we’ll stay a little longer.He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwaterjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as,how, like, in that, dll. Contoh:He did as I told him.You may finish it how you like.They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat denganmenggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the endthat, lest, in case, dll. Contoh:They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.She bought a book so (that) she could learn EnglishHe is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik. Contoh:Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. Contoh:The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one. Contoh:He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. Contoh:It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that wedecided to stay indoors.It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Sumber : http://www.scribd.com